ADEQ Wastewater Collections 1 Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Improper connections can be detected through
• Which components can serve as entry points for infiltration into a wastewater collection system?
• What is the primary function of keeping records?
• What is a potential use of a closed circuit television unit with video tape in wastewater collection systems?
• Which items should be inspected in manholes?
• Which task is performed by a collection system operator?
• Which document provides health hazard information to employees under right-to-know provisions?
• In sewer construction, a mandrel is used to check for deflection in pipes.
• What is the primary purpose of a lantern ring in a pump packing gland?
• Enclosed, open, and semi-closed are terms used for designation and selection of impellers.
• To sample for pH, you should collect a
• Which formula correctly expresses the relationship between wire-to-water efficiency and its components?
• You should get out of a manhole as soon as you start feeling
• When selecting pipe for acidic sewer conditions, which option is recommended?
• What is the correct volume formula for a rectangular wet well?
• What information must be on a warning tag attached to a switch that has been locked out?
• In sewer maintenance, what device is used to push debris through a force main?
• In piping standards, Schedule 40 primarily indicates which characteristic?
• In odor management, which would not reduce sewer odors?
• Check valves on the discharge side of centrifugal pumps serve to
• Which of the following items should be inspected when responding to a lift station alarm at night?
• What is the most important traffic safety consideration on a work site?
• When opening a power rodding properly, do the following
• Emergency stoppages in pipelines may be cleared safely by use of which of the following?
• Hydrogen sulfide formation in a wastewater collection system is usually caused by which process?
• Which factor is the most common for generating hydrogen sulfide in sewers?
• Grease in sewers is mechanically removed by which method?
• Which item is commonly used with a power rodder to address sewer blockages?
• Which option will not solve an odor problem in a sewer?
• In acid-bearing sewer networks, which material is preferred?
• Which operation removes material from a sewer by cutting through debris and solids?
• Flatter sewer line grades may cause added sewer maintenance expense and odor nuisance. The problem is most likely caused by
• Which option best describes what is included in end-of-job street maintenance after sewer work?
• Which gas in sewer spaces is known for its rotten-egg odor and toxicity?
• Enclosed, open, and semi-closed are terms used for the designation and selection of
• What is the normal status for lift station electrical controls?
• What will happen if the discharge valve on a centrifugal pump is partially closed?
• In a rainfall-affected lift station, the most likely valve issue causing rapid lag pump cycling is which option?
• Emergency stoppages in pipelines may be cleared safely by use of
• Mechanical ventilation of a lift station is required to:
• If a rod breaks during operation, what safety step should be taken before handling it?
• Which statement is true about odor control in sewers?
• On floors where water or chemicals are commonly spilled, cover the floors with what?
• Important considerations when reviewing the plans for a lift station include?
• Which chemical may be used for odor control in sewers?
• Which item is not typically included in a wastewater utility budget?
• Which rules apply to operation of gas or electric welding equipment?
• During sewer camera operation, which problem can affect image clarity due to moisture or temperature?
• A kilowatt is equivalent to which of the following?
• Anaerobic wastewater is frequently corrosive to materials it contacts, especially:
• A mechanical ventilation system for the wet well portion of a lift station which operates continuously should be able to exchange the air in the wet well ______ times an hour.
• Exfiltration in sewer systems refers to water that does what?
• In problem solving, which step involves clearly stating the issue to be addressed?
• There are two components involved with the managerial functions and reporting to a higher authority.
• Infiltration may result from
• Which statement reflects proper practice for keeping records in annual reporting?
• Which of the following is NOT considered when clearing a stoppage in a sewer?
• Wearing rings are installed in a pump to achieve what?
• Staffing a new system should be viewed primarily as the function of which group?
• Right-to-know information is provided by which document?
• Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smells like ____. At high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, however, the sense of smell is deadened and no odor is detected.
• The minimum scouring velocity normally used for sanitary collection lines is
• In handling a motor overheating and fire, what is the correct step immediately after shutting off power?
• Which option best describes what Schedule 40 specifies for pipes?
• Which gas is most commonly associated with septic wastewater?
• Engineer approval is required for trench shoring designs exceeding what depth?
• Roots enter collection systems through which of the following paths?
• Which expression represents the volume of a cylinder using diameter D and length L?
• With the completion of a sewer cleaning job, which must be done at the manhole?
• A Parshall flume is a type of
• A worker notices a necessary piece of equipment is defective and the current job must be finished soon. What should the worker do?
• The amount of oxygen that may become dissolved in a given amount of water is most related to
• Results obtained from pipe roughness coefficient tests can indicate whether or not:
• Which of the following factors affects the flow capacity of an installed sewer line?
• Which safety feature is essential around an open manhole to protect workers?
• When curing a concrete slab, which tool is used to compact the concrete and bring a cement film to the surface for finishing?
• When an employee breaks the rules and requires discipline, who is responsible for administering it?
• A pH of 6.0 is which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the pH value of 6.0?
• Which of the following statements about kilowatts and horsepower is true?
• Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that smells like ______. At high concentrations, however, the sense of smell is deadened
• After a collection system problem has been solved, which action should you take?
• Which method is best for recording all work performed?
• Biological activity in long, sluggish-flow, flat grade sewer lines will likely cause which problems?
• When a centrifugal pump's discharge valve is closed for a short time while running, which statement is true?
• The essence of control is which of the following?
• In pipeline installation, which test is used to evaluate pipe deflection when using a mandrel?
• Which material resists sulfuric acid best for sewer lines?
• What term describes how closely a measurement matches the true value?
• A pump is delivering less than the expected rate of discharge. Which condition is most likely causing this?
• Motor efficiency is defined as the ratio of what?
• Biological activity in long, sluggish-flow, flat-grade sewer lines will likely
• Which of the following is not part of a good public relations program?
• Which issue commonly causes pump vibration?
• As the impeller wears, how does pump efficiency change?
• The gas most commonly associated with fresh wastewater is:
• Which item is an accessory used in power-bucket machine cleaning?
• Shoring must protrude _____ above the top of the excavation?
• The gas most commonly associated with septic wastewater is
• Which action is a hallmark of an effective public relations program for a wastewater utility?
• What information would you consider while clearing a stoppage in a sewer?
• A rattling noise coming from the lead pump most likely indicates which condition?
• Following completion of a sewer cleaning job, which action must be performed at the manhole?
• How can members of a bailing crew communicate with each other?
• What is the minimum clearance required between the bottom of a water line crossing above a sewer and the crown of the sewer?
• Why are gasoline and volatile solvents objectionable where present in a sewer?
• What prevents any solution or water from backing up into the chlorine line?
• The purpose of ribs on the outside of a Wayne Sewer Ball is to
• What is the most important reason for washing hands after taking a wastewater sample?
• Employee hazards in collection system operations include which of the following?
• A kilowatt (KW) is equivalent to
• Why might a lack of odor in a manhole not guarantee safety?
• Why are gasoline and volatile solvents objectionable when present in a sewer?
• The flushing water pressure in a water-lubricated wastewater pump should be how relative to the pump discharge pressure?
• The record log of a hydraulic cleaning operation should include which item?
• Which of the following is a biological hazard in collection system operations?
• Which value on the pH scale is acidic?
• Which pipe material is least susceptible to corrosion by acids formed by gases generated in sewers?
• Which factor should be considered when planning trench shoring due to vibration risk?
• What is the greatest distance between manholes for an 8-inch sewer line?
• Hydrogen sulfide gas smells like which of the following?
• For sewer flows containing sulfuric acid, which pipe material is best?
• Who must review plans for final approval before a new sewer can be constructed?
• As the impeller wears on a pump, the pump efficiency will
• Chlorine cylinders should be stored
• Which outcome is most directly associated with decreased velocity in sewer lines?
• In long, sluggish-flow lines, biological activity is likely to cause which of the following conditions?
• Recruiting of new utility employees falls within which management category?
• You are notified that a semi-truck was involved in an accident 5 miles upstream from the treatment plant. Storm water inlets to the combined wastewater collection system are receiving a large quantity of an unknown chemical. What is the first action that would be taken?
• Which items should be inspected when responding to a lift station alarm at night?
• Which is the most important traffic safety consideration when performing sewer work?
• When sewer line grades are too flat, the odor problem is most likely caused by decreased velocity, which result is produced?
• Which source is a source of excessively clear water in a collection system?
• Which factor is the most essential when planning lift station access?
• Mechanical ventilation of a lift station is required to
• In the sequence, what step follows ascertain cause?
• In sewer maintenance, what is a pig?
• Yokes, rollers, jacks, swivels, pull in machine and loader are accessories used in
• Which pipe material is most suitable in acidic sewer conditions?
• In a lift station with three pumps, where pump #1 check valve is stuck open, which condition is most likely the cause?
• What does pump efficiency measure?
• Given the lift station data below, what is the most likely cause of the problem? Wet well inlet is normal for dry weather flow. Wet well is alternating between excessively high & low levels. Lead pump starts at right level, level continues to rise, pump stops at right level. Lead pump check valve arm remains stationary in lowered position when pump starts and stops. Lag pump check valve arm rises when lag pump starts and lowers when it stops. Force main pressure remains the same when lead pump runs, but increases when lag pump runs. Level drops when lag pump runs. Low-level pressure switch normal. High-level pressure switch normal. Electrical controls are all in automatic.
• “Schedule 40” refers to pipe
• Grease in sewers is mechanically removed by which method?
• Which of the following are reasonable objectives of a cost accounting program for a wastewater utility?
• Which device is commonly used to isolate a section of piping for maintenance?
• You have been directed to examine and review the plans and specifications for a new wastewater pump station prior to the advertising or construction bids. Which of following is of least significance?
• After completing a sewer cleaning job, which task is not necessary to perform at the manhole?
• What is a mechanical means to remove material from a sewer?
• If the drive motor shaft is turning but the bar screen rake is not moving, which component is most likely damaged?
• What tools are used with a power rodder?
• Tools used for sewer rodding include
• Which one of the following is a property of chlorine gas?
• The electrical disconnect for a pumping station motor can trip out under which one(s) of the following:
• Check valves are used in connection with centrifugal pumps in order to
• Which is the safest action to take in the event of a major chlorine container leak?
• Lift station failures include ________ failure.
• Disaster planning is useful in reducing confusion in the event of a disaster. Which option best reflects this idea?
• A common name appurtenance used to keep an accidental flow of wastewater from entering a building is called
• Which of the following is addressed by chlorinating wastewater to control odors?
• In the same sequence, what step comes after tagging and locking out power?
• In a sewer with long, sluggish-flow and flat grade, what is a likely consequence of biological activity on air quality?
• The most important reason for washing hands thoroughly after taking a wastewater sample is to
• Which treatment is ineffective for sewer odor control?
• What factor must be considered when obtaining an easement for construction and maintenance of a collection system?
• Which of the following is not typical of a 'submersible' pump?
• Lift station failures include which of the following?
• What type of pump is not seriously damaged if the discharge valve is closed for a short time while the pump is running?
• Which tool is not typically used for sewer rodding?
• A Parshall flume is described as a Venturi-type device.
• What must be checked before entering a manhole?
• When should a pH meter be standardized to ensure accurate readings?
• What is the purpose of ribs on the outside of a Wayne Sewer Ball?
• Enclosed, open, and semi-closed are terms used for designation and selection of
• Leakage of seal water around the packing on a centrifugal pump is required because it acts as a
• If the drive motor shaft is turning but the bar screen rake is not moving, what is the most likely cause?
• What is a key advantage of using video tape recording in sewer inspections?
• What is not the cause of grease buildup in a sewer?
• Which of the following is a type of shore?
• What tools are used with a power rodder?
• Which factor is not a contributor to grease buildup in a sewer?
• The temperature versus DO relationship for wastewater is such:
• You should get out of a manhole as soon as you start feeling
• In piping, what does Schedule 40 primarily indicate?
• Your chlorinator room should have an exhaust vent installed
• In the sequence, what step comes after repair?
• In hydraulic cleaning documentation, which element should be recorded?
• In a trench deep enough to require a ladder, the worker must not be required to travel more than _____ to get to the ladder?
• A lift station's wet well level readings are erratic with alternating high and low levels, and both pumps start and stop inconsistently. What is the most likely cause?
• Which managerial function includes guiding, teaching, motivating, and supervising treatment plant shift operators?
• A device used to test the percent deflection in a sewer pipe between manholes is known as what?
• The main reason for chlorinating wastewater in sewers is for ____ control
• Which of the following would be the best use of closed-circuit TV by wastewater collection system workers?
• Which of the following is not a direct use of closed-circuit TV by wastewater workers?
• Which device measures flow by pressure difference across a constriction?
• What is the most widely used prime mover in pumping plants?
• At what trench depth must proper shoring be provided?
• A pH of 6.0 is
• Which statement best describes the policy for keeping records in wastewater operations?
• Which action is typically done at the end of a sewer cleaning job to ensure the area is left safe and clean?
• When litmus paper is placed in an acidic solution, which color does it take?
• If a centrifugal pump has a discharge head that is too high, what is the effect on the discharge rate?
• What information should be considered when clearing a sewer stoppage?
• Important traffic safety considerations include
• Gasoline and volatile solvents in a sewer are problematic primarily due to their potential to cause
• What is the greatest distance between manholes for an 8-inch sewer line?
• How far in advance must O.U.P.S. be notified before a sewer excavation begins?
• Which of the following is a property of chlorine gas?
• When a fire hydrant is opened, it should be:
• The purpose of a lift station sign-in log is to
• At low flow through a 60-inch pipe interceptor, which condition might occur?
• One cubic foot per second flow is equal to ____ gallons per hour?
• When packing a centrifugal pump, the packing gland should be tightened
• Tools used for sewer rodding include all but the
• Of the following, which is not effective for eliminating sewer odors?
• How does an emergency service crew try to remove a stoppage?
• Which chemical may be used for odor control in sewers?
• Wearing rings in a pump is intended to
• Who is typically responsible for administering disciplinary action when an employee breaks the rules?
• Which tool is used for sewer rodding?
• Long, sluggish-flow, flat-grade sewer lines will likely cause which of the following?
• Litmus paper placed in an acidic solution turns which color?
• How can a closed circuit television unit with video tape help to evaluate the condition of a wastewater treatment system?
• Emergency stoppages in pipelines may be cleared safely by use of
• A chlorine gas mask should be provided
• Odor problems in sewers are not solved by which chemical option?
• Leakage of seal water around the packing on a centrifugal pump is required because it acts as a
• Flatter sewer line grades may cause added sewer maintenance expense and odor nuisance. The problem is most likely caused by
• The purpose of ribs on the outside of a Wayne Sewer Ball is to:
• During manhole inspections, which items are commonly checked to ensure access safety?
• According to Ten State Standards, when a sewer is installed parallel to a water line, what is the minimum distance away measured from the outside diameters?
• Which of the following is the standard gallons per hour equivalent for 1 cubic foot per second?
• Liners are installed in sewers to correct problems caused by
• When opening a power rodder properly, do the following?
• Which duty is included in the industrial waste section?
• What is the fourth condition required for an explosion in a sewer when combustible gas, adequate oxygen, and sufficient heat are present?
• What is a mechanical means to remove material from a sewer?
• A pH of 7 is which of the following?
• At what trench depth is proper shoring required?
• Which of the following is not considered a confined space?
• A venturi meter measures quantity of fluid by
• Which statement correctly describes the pH of acidic wastewater?
• Which statement best describes the effect of flat sewer grades on solids in the lines?
• The sign-in log for a lift station serves primarily to:
• The ribs on a Wayne Sewer Ball primarily facilitate which effect?
• Infiltration may result from which condition?
• The most important reason for washing hands thoroughly after taking a wastewater sample is to
• Getting the facts is the first step in what part of the process?
• Which of the following is an accepted means for applying herbicides to control roots in wastewater collection?
• Which centrifugal pump component is the housing that contains the impeller?
• The primary safety reason for washing hands after collecting wastewater samples is to prevent exposure to:
• Which chemical is recommended for odor control in sewers?
• Which method is commonly used to detect improper connections in sewer systems?
• What should be your most important concern after a chemical spill?
• Which tool is NOT used with a power rodder?
• Rodents and insects can be controlled by
• What is the primary purpose of a mandrel in sewer work?
• Dissolved oxygen in water is most influenced by temperature; as temperature rises, DO tends to
• Which term best describes the total amount of work yet to be completed in a maintenance backlog?
• Which task is least likely to be performed by collection systems personnel?
• You should get out of the manhole as soon as
• What is the purpose of the minimum scouring velocity value in sanitary mains?
• In sewer maintenance, what is a pig?
• What information would you consider while clearing a stoppage in a sewer?
• If an operator inhales chlorine gas, which action would be performed first?
• What is the primary function of a check valve on a pump's discharge side?
• What equipment is effective in removing an emergency stoppage?
• What information must be on a warning tag attached to a switch that has been locked out?
• Using water on a gas chlorine leak will?
• Waste flowing at 15 percent of design flow through a 60-inch pipe interceptor may allow
• A pH of 6 is
• Leakage of seal water around the packing on a centrifugal pump is required because it acts as a
• In sewer maintenance, what is a pig?
• One cubic foot per second flow equals how many gallons per hour?
• All simple slope excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of?
• What is the primary purpose of a backwater valve?
• Under what condition should electrical work in a sewer system be performed?
• When sewer line grades are too flat, an odor problem is likely to result. The most likely cause of the odor problem is deceased velocity, which
• In sewer maintenance, a pig is defined as
• Which statement about electrical work in a wastewater facility is true?
• What must be checked before entering a manhole?
• Sources of harmful radioactive isotopes in wastewater collection systems include:
• To reduce infiltration into the existing wastewater collection system, you should
• In force mains, a pig is described as
• Pipe materials that are least susceptible to corrosion by acids formed by gases generated in sewers are
• Which action should be performed first if an operator inhales chlorine gas?
• You should never attempt to install, troubleshoot, maintain or replace electrical equipment panels, controls, wiring or circuits unless
• At a pumping station equipped with centrifugal pumps, what caused the discharge pressure to suddenly increase and the discharge quantity to suddenly decrease?
• In a lift station, which observation would most strongly indicate the lead pump is air-bound?
• What device is used to test percent deflection in a sewer pipe between manholes?
• Which of the following is a type of shore?
• Infiltration is caused by
• Which test is performed with a mandrel during pipeline installation to assess deflection?
• Chlorine cylinders should be stored
• Which fault is most likely if the lead pump amperage is lower than normal and the water level continues to rise after startup?
• Hz stands for... in electrical terminology.
• Wire-to-water efficiency equals which product?
• Check valves are used on the discharge side of centrifugal pumps to
• If a bad odor around a catch basin persists with the trap and water level in good order, what is the proper next step?
• Which method is best for recording all work performed?
• Which task is least likely to be performed by wastewater collection systems personnel?
• Which equipment is effective in removing an emergency stoppage?
• Centrifugal pump parts include
• Roots can enter collection systems through
• Which inspection technology allows observation when the sewer camera is submerged?
• Which tools are used with a power rodder?
• If a pump is delivering less flow than expected, which condition is most likely the cause?
• The product of power factor and pump efficiency is used to determine which efficiency?
• Where should the exhaust vent be located in a chlorinator room?
• Wearing rings in a pump serves to
• Before any excavation, which agency must be notified?
• During rainfall, the wet well inflow increases and the system shows rapid cycling; lag pump motor shaft turns backwards when off. What is the most likely valve problem?
• Which of the following should be inspected when responding to a lift station alarm?
• On floors where water or chemicals are commonly spilled, cover the floors with
• Grease removal methods include which of the following options?
• Which tool is used to physically remove obstructions in sewers and is associated with rodding?
• A task least likely to be performed by collection systems personnel is
• Given the data for a second lift station, what is the most likely cause of the problem?
• A Parshall flume is a type of
• When responding to a lift station alarm, which item should be inspected?
• Which agency must be notified prior to excavation?
• Which device provides access to a pipeline for inspection and cleaning?
• Which of the following best describes a lantern ring?
• A pH of 7 is considered:
• What is a mechanical means to remove material from a sewer?
• When selecting an emergency lighting unit, which factors should be considered?
• If flow is 0.5 cubic feet per second, approximately how many gallons per hour is produced?
• Decentralization of the organization refers to which concept?
• Which of the following is the essential fourth condition for an explosion besides combustible gas, oxygen, and heat?
• Disaster planning is best described as which of the following?
• Mechanical ventilation of a lift station is used primarily to ensure safe working access.
• Which gas is commonly produced in septic wastewater?
• Biological activity in long, sluggish-flow, flat-grade sewer lines will likely
• Which statement about chlorine gas is true?
• For any CSO outfall pipe, which of the following is required?
• In a trench where a ladder is required, the maximum distance to reach the ladder is 25 feet. Which option correctly represents this distance?
• Employee hazards in collection system operations include which of the following?
• Biological hazards in collection system operations include which of the following?
• Velocity may be sensed in which ways?
• Decentralization of the organization refers to which concept?
• Which parameter most affects hydrogen sulfide generation in sewer systems?
• Which permit is required for a combined sewer overflow outfall?
• Which statement accurately reflects lift station alarm procedures?
• Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when selecting an emergency lighting unit?
• The minimum scouring velocity normally used for sanitary collection lines is
• A common name appurtenance used to keep an accidental flow of wastewater from entering a building is called?
• During a lift station alarm response, which item is commonly inspected?
• Shoring must protrude above the top of the excavation by how many inches?
• Which statement describes a valid objective of cost accounting data in a wastewater utility?
• Which device measures flow based on pressure difference across a constricted section?
• Why must you always know where a cleaning tool is in the sewer?
• Which of the following is a centrifugal pump part?
• Which safety practice is true before entering a manhole?
• Any excavation over ______ must have a ladder for the worker to get in and out of the trench?
• Duties assigned to an industrial waste section include which of the following?
• Why must you always know where a cleaning tool is in the sewer?
• Which of these chemicals should be used for odor control in sewers?
• A pH neutral is achieved at which value?
• Which statement about the Wayne Sewer Ball is true?
• Which item is most important to check during a lift station alarm response at night?
• Sewers located adjacent to a ground storage reservoir are required to be located at least 10 feet from the structure and be constructed of water main type materials for a distance of at least 50 feet from the storage reservoir. What is the reason for this requirement?
• What is the minimum distance from the edge of the spoils to the edge of the trench?
• A sewer-use ordinance should specify the personnel performing
• You should get out of the manhole as soon as?
• Which factor is most specifically recommended to consider for trench shoring because of vibration risk near trenches?
• A venturi meter measures quantity of fluid by
• What is used to remove grease?
• Sources of excessively clear water in a sewer collection system include which of the following?
• After completing a sewer cleaning job, which administrative action must you perform?
• A lantern ring is a
• Which problems can affect a sewer camera’s image, including deep water, lens fogging, and offset joints?
• A chlorine gas mask should be provided just outside the chlorine room door.
• Which document provides 'right-to-know' information?
• In the sequence of steps for addressing a motor fire, what step follows extinguishing the fire?
• Which statement best describes alarm systems in a normally operating lift station?
• To properly operate a power rodder, which of the following actions is recommended?
• Which of the following statements about infiltration in sewer systems is true?
• An engineer must approve any trench shoring design above which depth?
• Who is authorized to remove the warning tag on a locked-out switch?
• Keeping sewer maps up-to-date is important for several reasons. Which of the following is the least appropriate reason?
• Which statement identifies a cutting blade used with a power rodder?
• Right-to-know legislation requires information about possible health effects from contact with what?
• In order to budget a certain number of personnel, an operator should know the amount of 'backlog' work, the rate at which it increases, and how to apply ______ to determine total
• Before installing or servicing electrical equipment, you should
• What information must be on a warning tag attached to a switch that has been locked out?
• One of the electric motors in the facility has overheated and caught fire. Select the correct sequence of steps you would take.
• Which pH reading indicates an acidic wastewater?
• When packing a centrifugal pump, the packing gland should be tightened
• Sources of excessive clear water in a collection system include
• Infiltration may result from
• A mandrel is employed to verify a pipe's ability to resist deformation under standard conditions.
• The purpose of a lift station sign-in log is to
• During concrete curing for a sewer slab, which tool is used to compact the concrete and bring a cement film to the surface for finishing?
• What is a mechanical means to remove material from a sewer?
• A pump is delivering at less than the expected rate of discharge. What will not cause this to happen?
• Which term describes water entering a sewer from groundwater due to a high water table?
• Before entering a manhole, which action is essential regarding the atmosphere?
• Which of the following are construction defects that can cause problems in wastewater collection systems?
• Which statement correctly identifies a cutting blade used with a power rodder?
• Which item is not listed as a possible lift station failure?
• Which of the following is a source of excessive clear water in a collection system?
• A kilowatt is equal to which of the following?